Business+Organizations+(Group+4)

** Contributors **
Artis Thomas Daniel Wulf Jerrod Howlett Ryan Lindner

= Topic Types of Business Organizations = toc In order for a new business to become a legal entity, entrepreneurs must first decide how the business will be organized in a way that "will be most appropriate for the new endeavor".[i] There are various factors affecting an entrepreneur's decision process, including:
 * 1) Ease of creation
 * 2) Liability of owners
 * 3) Tax considerations
 * 4) Need for capital

The business organizations described below provide understanding of how entrepreneurs structure their business in order to mitigate the risks (legal and financial) associated with the very nature of entrepreneurship.unless = = = ‍I. Corporations =

Overview:
Corporations have been in existence for many years. This category business entity is utilized for the largest type of business operations. For example, companies like General Motors, Ford Motor Company, Kodak etc... The basic definition of a corporation is, "A corporation is a legal entity created and recognized by state law".[ii] It is also interesting to note that corporations are recognized as a "person". Cross & Miller states, "It (corporations) enjoys many of the same rights and privileges under state and federal law that U.S. citizens enjoy".[iii] For example, they have legal rights such as due process and free speech.

Basic Structures:
There are four types of Corporations. They are the following: C-Corporation (C-Corp), S-Corporation (S-Corp), Professional Corporation, and Non-Profit Corporation. All four are different and each type offers advantages and disadvantages depending on your business goals and limiting liability. C-Corp is built so that there is a “Board of Directors,” Shareholders, and Executive Management. For a basic explanation of how a C-Corp is built click the link [|Corp 101].

media type="youtube" key="wtMORWO5h9Y" width="425" height="350"[iv] An S-Corp is set up so that the taxes pass through the Corporation to the individuals. According to Companiesinc.com, "because of its “pass through” taxation structure, the S-Corporation is not subject to taxes at the corporate level, and hence avoids the pitfalls of “double taxation” (in a Standard or Traditional Corporation, business income is first taxed at the corporate level, then the distribution of the residual income to the individual shareholders is taxed again as personal “income”) that befalls C-Corporations." [v] A Professional Corporation is where a group of Lawyers or Doctors come together to gain the benefit of protection from liabilities from negligence and tax advantages.

‍Advantages and Disadvantages:
Each type of corporation has a distinct set of advantages and disadvantages. The advantages that each business type could yield would be added tax benefits or protection of personal assets. The disadvantages that it could have might be reduced tax benefits and subject to added liabilities. The type of corporation that you choose effects the flexibility within your business; legally, taxation, management, and transferring the interest of the company. A good breakdown of the advantages and disadvantages is listed in the link below. It is extremely important for the success of the business and the protection of personal assets to choose the correct type of corporation. For example, if you chose to form a sole proprietorship but really needed to be a corporation you'd be opening your personal assets to additional risk where you wouldn't have to. Overall, the decision to form one corporation over another is a balancing act.

<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">[|Business Formations]

[vi] = ‍II. Limited Liability Company =

Overview:
<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Limited Liability Company (LLC), referred to as a hybrid form of business entity. LLC’s have existed for a while in other countries and its popularity with the United States has grown recently due to the advantages has. It is an [|unincorporated association] and is not a corporation. Similar to corporations, LLCs are legal entitles apart from their owners. A good example of a company that has utilized both corporation and LLC structure is: [|Chrysler Corporation] **[vii]**<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;"> founded in the 1920’s as a Corporation as but as recently as 2009 they merged with Fiat S.p.A. changing their culture and organization structure to an LLC; now referred to as the [|Chrysler Group, LLC]. <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">[viii]

Basic Structures:
<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">A Limited Liability Company (LLC) is a business entity created under state law that combines the limited liability aspects of a corporation and the tax advantages of a partnership or sole proprietorship. Because it is formed by state LLC statues, the laws vary from state to state. The National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws issued the [|Uniform Limited Liability Company Act] <span style="font-family: 'times new roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">[ix] <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;"> (ULLCA) in 1995 in effort to create some type of uniformity amongst the states. “The terminology used to describe LLCs formed in other states or nations is also similar to that used in corporate law.” An example, an LLC doing business in a state in which it was not formed would be referred to as a “foreign LLC” in that state.<span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">[x] LLC’s can be formed by an organizer who may, or may not be a member of the business. Owners of an LLC are called members. There is no limit to the number of members, and they may be classified as a single member LLC, individuals, corporations, other LLCs and foreign entities. Because of federal tax regulations banks and insurance companies cannot be classified as a LLC, and there are special rules for foreign LLCs. Management of LLC’s are carried out one of two ways by it members (member-managed), or by a designate group (manager-managed).

<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">The [|Articles of Organization] <span style="font-family: 'times new roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">[xi] <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;"> clarifies which management method will be used. The Articles must be filed with the central state agency. The article typical includes the name of the business (must include Limited Liability Company or LLC), the name of its members, the principal address, the name and address of the registered agent, and information on how the LLC will be managed. An operating agreement is formed by the members determining how to operate the various aspects of the business. The operating agreement contains provisions governing decision-making procedures and “provisions relating to management, how profits will be divided, the transfer of membership interests, whether the LLC will be dissolved on the death or departure of a member, and other important issues.” <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">[xii][xiii]

Advantages and Disadvantages:
<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Choosing the correct business structure is critical to your business. The following are **//advantages//** of forming a LLC are:
 * <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Members personal liability is limited to the amount of their investment,
 * <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Members are protected from some or all liability for acts and debts of the LLC depending on state shield laws (creditors cannot pursue members’ personal assets),
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Members have flexible taxation (member can be taxed as either a pass-through entity, partnership, or corporation),
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Easier management style (less administrative paperwork then a corporation),
 * <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Unlimited numbers of owners (members),
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">LLC are more attractive than sole proprietorships to investors

<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">The **//disadvantages//** LLC’s are as follow:
 * <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Membership is limited lifespan in some states (not to exceed 30 years),
 * <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Interstate business are more complicated because laws vary from state to state,
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">LLC’s must be formed in each state where the company does business,
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Multiple filing fees for forming an LLC in different states (fees vary from state to state, ranging from $50 to $500),
 * <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Annual report filing in many states,
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Transferring ownership is harder than a corporation,
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Money invested in an LLC is limited (members cannot raise capital for the company from sources outside the company)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">LLC’s are viewed as taxable entities in some states<span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">[xiv][xv]

media type="youtube" key="NSE58r1_N3E" width="425" height="350"<span style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">[xvi] = III. Partnerships =

‍Basic Structures:
<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Traditional partnerships, as defined by the IRS, are "the relationship between two or more persons who join to carry on a trade of business"<span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">[xvii]. Each partner has joint control over operations and has the right to share in the profit based on implicit and/or explicit terms and conditions. When a partnership agreement, also known as the articles of partnership, is established, its terms include basic structures such as:<span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">[xviii]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Name of the partnership
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Names of the partners
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Location of the business and the state law under which the partnership is organized
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Purpose of the partnership
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Duration of the partnership

<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Partnerships can be formed via three contractual agreements: 1) oral, 2) written, and 3) implied by conduct. There are certain partnership agreements in which a written (or electronic) record is a requirement in order to be legally enforceable ([|Statute of Frauds])<span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">[xix] . This would be necessary in any partnership such as a real estate agency that "authorizes the partners to deal in transfers of real property"<span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">[xx] . The next vital term of partnerships deals with capital contributions. When expressed, this forms the basis upon which the ratio of ownership is formed within the partnership, as well as how profits and losses are shared. These profits and losses must be evidenced by accounting and partnership records. In contrast, terms of management concerning a partnership grants equal rights among all partners, unless specified differently within the terms of the partnership contract.

Liabilities and Protections:
<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">As taken from the text, "each partner is an agent of every other partner and acts as both a principal and an agent in any business transaction within the scope of the partnership agreement"<span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">[xxi]. As a result, any transaction executed by a partnership is bound to the partnership as a whole as well as to each individual partner. The fiduciary duty of loyalty and duty of care require partners to take account for property, profit or benefit received via partnership transactions, as well as abstaining from premeditated violation of the law. These duties bind each partner as liable for debts of the partnership. Liability within a partnership is split among two categories:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Joint liability
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Partners are liable as a whole; individual partners can be held liable given all partnership assets have been exhausted
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Joint and Several Liability
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">3rd parties can sue partners as a group, or individually

<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Partners are protected by the power at any time to disassociate from a partnership. This protection may be limited based upon whether they have the right to do so. These rights are provisioned by the articles of partnership. Upon disassociation, the fiduciary duties of that partner to the partnership are terminated; however, the partnership as a whole is still liable for any transactions made by the disassociated partner within a two-year window, and vice-versa. This protection is strengthened by communicating disassociation to "creditors, customers and clients"<span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">[xxii].

Advantages and Disadvantages:
<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">There are several advantages of pursuing a partnership business organization. For example, unlike limited partnerships (L.P.), there is no need to file paperwork with the state or pay start-up fees. This can be attributed to the fluid nature of implicit agreements. Also, partnerships are pass-through entities, meaning that it has "no tax liability; the entity's income is passed through to the owners of the entity, who pay taxes on it"<span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">[xxiii] individually.As described briefly in the 'Liabilities and Protections' section above, a main disadvantage of partnerships is that all partners are personally liable for business debts and liabilities<span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">[xxiv]. Because partnerships are pass-through entities, each partner's profit is taxed as individual income. On the flip side, any debt incurred by the partnership becomes an individual liability, and can be upheld should a third party sue for damages. = = = IV. Not-for Profit =

Overview:
<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Not-For-Profit is a type of business that’s defined in the legal dictionary as “A corporation or an association that conducts business for the benefit of the general public without shareholders and without a profit motive.”<span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">[xxv] For a company to maintain that title there must be clear motive toward the general public, if there is a lack of motive or the state sees that the company is focusing elsewhere, that company will lose the status of not-for-profit.

Basic Structures:
<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">A not-for-profit organization has to focus on certain areas that qualify as beneficial for the general public. These areas include:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Religious
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Educational
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Charitable
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Scientific
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Literary
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Testing for Public Safety
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Fostering National or International Amateur Sports Competitions
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Promoting the Prevention of Cruelty to Children or Animals

<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Along with these there are many other standards that need to take place for a not-for-profit to be justified<span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">[xxvi]. If a company has a not-for-profit status, that will then qualify the company to potentially be exempted from paying taxes. For this to happen the company must be approved by the “Internal Revenue Service” to receive the exemption<span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">[xxvii]. This status can be revoked if there are any occurrences of profits being held or dealings to bring in more money outside of what the organization needs to operate and maintain salaries.

<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">There are certain limitations to what a not-for-profit organization can do. As far as where the extra money will go, how much money they will be allowed to bring in, where the organization is allowed to donate to, etc. Here is a brief list of limitations:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Nonprofit corporations cannot contribute money to political campaigns.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Nonprofit corporations can engage in only limited lobbying activities.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Nonprofit corporations must not distribute profits to members, officers, or directors.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Nonprofit corporations must pay taxes on income from "unrelated activities."
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Nonprofit corporations cannot make substantial profits from unrelated activities.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">When a nonprofit corporation dissolves, its assets must be distributed to another tax-exempt group.

<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Following the limitation set by “The Giving Foundation” will decrease the risk of losing not-for-profit status<span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">[xxviii]. An organization that breaches any limitations will lose the exemption of taxes and status of not-for-profit.

Advantages and Disadvantages:
<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">When it comes to weighing the good vs. the bad, there are a few factors to consider. Below is a few of both that can help determine if a not-for-profit is feasible four your business.
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Advantages: //**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">501C (3): Tax Exemption.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Limited Liability: similar to For-Profit.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Grants: awarded from the government as well as privately.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Deduction: Donators have the option to deduct donations from own taxes.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Lower rates: some companies and services offer discounts to not-for-profit.
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Disadvantages: //**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Loss of Control: Limitation and Standards.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Paperwork: more documentation needed to prove not-for-profit status.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Public Scrutiny: Public can see financial records.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Challenging: Hard to stay within the limitations. <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">[xxix]

<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Determining whether or not to turn an organization into not-for-profit is a difficult decision. There are many factors that must be thought about before this can be achieved. For organizations to make the journey to not-for-profit there needs to be a high commitment level. There needs to be dedication and focus to the cause being addressed. It takes a lot of effort to reach the status of not-for-profit and it’s even harder to maintain it. This is not a form of business organization that should push the boundaries. Strategic planning must be implemented and upheld for it to succeed.

**<span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Footnotes: **
<span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">[i] <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"> Cross, Frank and Roger LeRoy Miller. "International Principles and Doctrines." __The Legal Environment of Business.__ Mason, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning, 2012. 380 <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">[ii] <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif';">Cross, Frank and Roger LeRoy Miller. "International Principles and Doctrines." __The Legal Environment of Business.__ Mason, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning, 2012. 417 <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">[iii] <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif';">Cross, Frank and Roger LeRoy Miller. "International Principles and Doctrines." __The Legal Environment of Business.__ Mason, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning, 2012. 417 <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">[iv] <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif';">BusinessRoundtable. __www.youtube.com.__ 1 Feb 2010. July 2012 <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wtMORWO5h9Y> <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">[v] <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif';">Companies Inc. __www.companiesinc.com.__ 2012. 4 July 2012 <http://www.companiesinc.com/corporation/types.asp/>. <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">[vi] <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif';">Brand Ventures Intellectual Property Law. __www.byiplaw.com.__ 2012. 5 July 2012 < http://www.bviplaw.com/pages/services/4781> <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">[vii] <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif';">Chrysler. __www.chrylser.__ 2012. 3 July 2012 <http://www.chrysler.com/en/this-is-chrysler/history/> <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">[viii] <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif';">Chrysler Group LLC. __www.chryslergroupllc.com.__ 2 July 2012 <http://www.chryslergroupllc.com/company/Pages/AboutUs.aspx> <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">[ix] <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif';">LLC Resource. __www.llc-reporter.com.__ 1995. 3 July 2012 <http://www.llc-reporter.com/28.htm> <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">[x] <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif';">Cross, Frank and Roger LeRoy Miller. "International Principles and Doctrines." __The Legal Environment of Business.__ Mason, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning, 2012. 403 <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">[xi] <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"> http://smallbusiness.findlaw.com/incorporation-and-legal-structures/forming-an-llc-writing-and-filing-the-articles-of-organization.html <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">[xii] <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif';">Cross, Frank and Roger LeRoy Miller. "International Principles and Doctrines." __The Legal Environment of Business.__ Mason, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning, 2012. 407 <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">[xiii] <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif';">LARA. __www.michigan.gov.__ 2012. 25 June 2012 <http://www.michigan.gov/lara/0,4601,7-154-35299_61343_35413_35429-115005--,00.html>. <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">[xiv] <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif';">Wikipedia. __en.wikipedia.org.__ 2 July 2012. 25 June 2012 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability_company <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">[xv] <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif';">Cross, Frank and Roger LeRoy Miller. "International Principles and Doctrines." __The Legal Environment of Business.__ Mason, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning, 2012. 405-407 <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">[xvi] <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"> Piper Tax: LLC vs. S-Corp vs. C-Corp (The 3-Minute Version) [] <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">[xvii] <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"> "Partnerships" -- [] <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">[xviii] <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif';">Cross, Frank and Roger LeRoy Miller. "International Principles and Doctrines." __The Legal Environment of Business.__ Mason, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning, 2012. 390 <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">[xix] <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"> http://www.expertlaw.com/library/business/statute_of_frauds.html <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">[xx] <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif';">Cross, Frank and Roger LeRoy Miller. "International Principles and Doctrines." __The Legal Environment of Business.__ Mason, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning, 2012. 390 <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">[xxi] <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif';">Cross, Frank and Roger LeRoy Miller. "International Principles and Doctrines." __The Legal Environment of Business.__ Mason, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning, 2012. 392 <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">[xxii] <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif';">Cross, Frank and Roger LeRoy Miller. "International Principles and Doctrines." __The Legal Environment of Business.__ Mason, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning, 2012. 397 <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">[xxiii] <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif';">Cross, Frank and Roger LeRoy Miller. "International Principles and Doctrines." __The Legal Environment of Business.__ Mason, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning, 2012. 390 <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">[xxiv] <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';">"Partnerships: Advantages and Disadvantages" -- [] <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">[xxv] <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"> July 14th 2012, [] <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">[xxvi] <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"> “The Giving Foundation” July 14th, 2012 [] <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">[xxvii] <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"> July 14th 2012, [] <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">[xxviii] <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"> Protecting Your Nonprofit Corporation's Tax-Exempt Status, July 14, 2012 [] <span style="font-family: 'verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">[xxix] <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"> Betty Nelson, a Greater Knoxville SCORE Chapter volunteers during June 2002. July 14, 2012 []

References:
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